Essay on Personality in the Workplace - 1380 Words

An individual’s personality is the basis of who they are and generates how they react to and behave in different situations. Personality testing is used in workplaces to identify whom to hire, promote and even put into teams. Personality testing is efficient in being able to determine which employees will perform best in certain roles, and this can remove some stress from employers. Personal testing has been shown to help improve the quality of employees who are in the workplace. The method of assessing personalities that will be examined in this essay is the Big Five taxonomy method. The two main questionnaires, which are used to determine these traits, are the Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire and the NEO personality test.†¦show more content†¦386). In most workplaces personality testing is used to determine potential recruitment. The aim of personality testing is to differentiate groups of people who share a similar structure of knowledge and behaviou rs, and to recognise patterns of behaviour in groups while still maintaining the wholeness of the individual (Allinson, Sutton, Williams, 2013, p. 234). The most widely accepted and used method of assessing personalities is the Big Five taxonomy. The Big Five taxonomy method is described as â€Å"a well-defined measurement model for assessing personality across five broad dimensions† (Higgins, Lee, Peterson, Robert, 2007, p. 300). The five dimensions of personality traits that the Big Five uses are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness (Mak, Vearing, 2007, p. 1745). Each of these personality traits is considered to be a substantially reliable measurement model cross-culturally and across the life span also (Higgins, Lee, Peterson, Robert, 2007, p. 300). Looking at the traits individually, they all focus on an entirely different aspect of personalities, yet are considered the most relevant personality traits for the workplace. It is believed extraverted individuals often look to engage in challenge appraisal in particularly stressful situations and also tend to adopt and approach orientatio n (Huang, Palmer,Show MoreRelatedPersonality in the Workplace1462 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality in the Workplace Personality in the Workplace Personality can be thought of as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts and reacts to other individuals (Stephen amp; Robbins, 2013). Research has shown that measuring personality is a useful tool in making hiring decisions and helping organizations forecast who is best for each unique position. The Big Five Model Personality Model does a great job of predicting how individuals will behave in a wide range of real-lifeRead MorePersonality and the Workplace1487 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The workplace is difficult enough without us having to worry about the different personalities we encounter each and everyday. Our jobs are a place where we come in contact with many people, both co-workers and clients, and each of their distinct personalities. If we all had the same personality it would be easy for us to predict what the other person is thinking and feeling, but since we dont we must learn to deal with the many different personalities that we come into contact with eachRead MorePersonality Traits Of The Workplace1722 Words   |  7 Pages PSY100 As people, we have a multitude of personality traits; also as human beings we can’t label anyone’s personality strictly into just one word or term. Everyone has a vast array of personality traits which can be from how sad, to how happy; to even how sexual someone can be that is different from one another. But we can qualify people into various personality traits that can just barely summarize a person’s overall personality, specifically in this case, as either introverts or extravertsRead MoreEssay Personality and the Workplace708 Words   |  3 Pages Personality and the Workplace nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I prefer to discuss a situation at a previous employment as opposed to anything that may be a current situation. I will, therefore, set the stage, so to speak. The company is a small business that deals with commercial real estate management. The company is well on the way to becoming well known industry wide and soon after I began working with this company, they merged with several others, thereby forming an almost nationwide corporationRead MoreThe Effects Of Personality Assessments On The Workplace1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of personality assessments in the workplace has tremendously increased in recent years for the purposes of selection, placement, and development of employees. The rationale for the use of these tests is that personality assessments are useful for explaining and predicting work attitudes, behaviors, and job performance because â€Å"personality includes a wide range of characteristics that people possess; many of them have an im pact upon the ways people behave in the workplace† (Boutelle, 2015)Read MorePersonality and Communication Styles in the Workplace1149 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality and Communication Styles in the Workplace Chanda Holley Industrial/Organizational Psychology PSY302 Martin Cain July 28, 2010 Personality and Communication Styles in the Workplace As a consult it is my job to improve the working relationships within the workplace. In this report I have Juanita Smith, a 33 year old female; Joe Whitman a 26 year old male; Jack Ackman, a 30 year old male; and Justice Dale 48 year old male. Each of these individuals has entirely different personalityRead MorePersonality Traits Within The Workplace1342 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessional many struggle with attempting to control the dominance of his/her personality trait, in fear that it may be damaging to one s current position. Personally, there has been several instances when an employee was ridiculed because he/she expressed personality traits within the workplace, opposite of what the employer personally desired. Within this paper, one will discuss how the connection of an individual personality trait can be beneficial, as well a productive level of on the job trainingRead MorePersonality Trait and Workplace Culture2189 Words   |  9 PagesPersonality Traits and Workplace Cul ture: Online tests measure the fit between person and organization Mark Mallinger, Ph.D. and Ileana Rizescu Application: Determine how compatible you are with your primary work group. | Have you ever stopped in the middle of a work frenzy and asked yourself, Why do I continue to work for this organization? When you try to promote your ideas, do most of your peers frequently react with indifference? If so, it may be time to evaluate the relationship betweenRead MoreThe History and Application of Personality Testing in the Workplace1971 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ We’ve all had some experience with personality testing in one way or another. Since the beginning of the twentieth century personality testing and psychological assessments have been a staple in the recruitment and selection processes in all manner of position. Be it high level executives down to janitors, no candidate is immune to what has become a trusted and normal practice in recruiting. There is currently a long-standing debate among HR professionals and sociologists alikeRead MorePersonality Traits in the Workplace: The Big Five Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality has been inherently defined as possession of a particular set of characteristics possessed by people which influences their behaviour and reactions in different situation along with their motivation level to react to difficulties at the workplace. However, understanding personality traits and their development has been a contentious matter. Nonetheless, various theories have been forwarded to rather co ntribute to this contentious debate. For example employers set goals and encourage involvement

Factors That Affect The Combined Analysis Of Sa And Iud

In this section, we present a four-step methodology to quantify distinct factors that affect the combined analysis of SA and IUD in real domains, as well as the potential benefits of this type of analysis. Basically, the proposed methodology takes into account the domain s temporal dynamics, the sampling sensitivity of the methods and the observed reciprocity between the collective opinion and opinions propagated by opinion-leaders. Through this methodology, we intend to quantify some important issues related to combine SA and IUD. We are not assuming a closed and complete assessment on all existing issues, which comprise promising research directions for the area.looseness=-1 subsection{Temporal Dynamics Analysis} A main†¦show more content†¦First, we derive the collective opinion $O$ of a whole data sample $D$, using a SA method existing in the literature. Specifically, we adopt in this work the method SACI cite{jws2015}. SACI is relevant to our goal since it was originally proposed for estimating efficiently collective sentiment on data samples, instead of aggregating the sentiment derived for each individual document. Further, the authors demonstrated that SACI is more effective in estimating the collective opinion than aggregation-based SA methods. SACI represents $O$ as a distribution probability among the sentiment classes positive, negative and neutral. Thus, we split $D$ into time units of equal size (e.g., days, weeks, months). Then, we estimate the collective opinion $O_t$ using only the posts belonging to each distinct time unit $t$. Finally, we perform a visual inspection on the derived distributions. The more dynamic a domain, the more different are opinions estimated on distinct time units.looseness=-1 In turn, we measure drifts on the subset of opinion-leaders over time as follows. First, we identify the ordered list $L$ of top-k opinion-leaders on $D$ by using an IUD method. Specifically, we use the presented in cite{iccs2015}, a meta-learning strategy based on PCA that combines linearly orthogonal information exploited by distinct state-of-the-art IUD methods. We will call this method as PCA-IUD. We chose PCA-IUD since it combines

Two Vastly Difrent Words Two Vastley Diffrent Meanings Free Essays

Two vastly different words with Two vastly different meanings Ignorance and Stupidity are words that are commonly used out of context and either word is often mistakenly used in the others rightful place. Ignorance is commonly mistaken for stupidity in society. Just as commonly, stupidity can be denied and termed as ignorance. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Vastly Difrent Words Two Vastley Diffrent Meanings or any similar topic only for you Order Now To say that these words are one in the same is ignorance in and of its self, that is if one is uninformed of the true definitions of either word. When one has been informed of the correct definition and still uses the term out of context well, that is an example of stupidity. For many reasons these two words have two vastly different meanings which can be easily contrasted with some thought. Ignorance can be defined as having no knowledge or information in ones mind of a specific subject. Ignorance is the result of a lack of education, one can not be expected to have the correct response when exposed to something they are uneducated on. For example, a male student walks into his college math class half an hour late. He sits down and is then handed a quiz on calculus and instructed to finish the quiz in fifteen minutes. He hasn’t read any of the chapter on calculus assigned last week and he has missed the lecture on calculus that his teacher gave at the beginning of the class. This is the first he has heard of calculus and he has had no prior experience in the subject. Therefore the student was ignorant on the subject. He failed the quiz because of his ignorance. The student may have retained the information given on calculus well and aced the test had he obtained that information. Ignorance is also a term used to describe being unaware of something. Such as, when a good friend of mine bill ate crab legs for the first time he was ignorant to the fact that he was allergic to shellfish. His throat itched then swelled and he was quickly rushed to the E. R that night. Know he is no longer ignorant to that fact. Other words to describe ignorance are uninformed, unlearned, uneducated and unwitting . Stupidity can be defined as a lack of intelligence. When one lacks intelligence they lack the ability to think and learn. They also lack the ability to apply information that they have been given. Stupidity can also be described as a lack of perception, not using the senses or lacking common sense. When one does not think logically or chooses not to make practical judgments based on the experience they already posses that is stupidity. Stupidity is expressed in irrational or thoughtless behavior. Such as the story given earlier of the male college student who didn’t study he showed an example of ignorance by having no knowledge of the subject he was being quizzed on. He also showed an example of stupidity. He would not have been ignorant had he studied. He was not ignorant to the fact that he had a chapter to read or of the time he was to be in class he just stupidly chose not to read the chapter just as he stupidly chose to be late for class. Because of this thoughtless, stupid behavior he was left ignorant. Other words to describe stupidity are foolish, senseless, witless and idiotic. Ignorance is a term used to describe ones unknowing, as to say he is ignorant of a subject not because he is stupid but because he lacks knowledge of that subject. It is a term that should never be used to insult and just as well should never be taken that way. There is no one person who possess no ignorance at all, we all have things we are ignorant of. Benjamin Franklin once said â€Å" being ignorant is not so much a shame as being unwilling to learn†. One can attempt to dispel there ignorance by seeking out and the proper Knowledge and education. Once they obtain the proper information and knowledge then they are no longer ignorant of the subject. Stupidity is a term used as an insult and can usually be correctly perceived as one. When a person uses the term stupid to describe another they are usually placing the blame of thoughtlessness or another negative trait such as foolishness on that other person. Fools rush in where fools been before† Unknown. While ignorance can be dispelled as quickly as one can learn, stupidity seems to be a pattern or bad habit that even the most educated people tend to exhibit. It can take a lot longer for some to get rid of there stupidity then for others to gain knowledge and rid of there ignorance. These terms have been defined enough to show why they are two vastly different words wi th two vastly different meanings and are expected to be used wisely. How to cite Two Vastly Difrent Words Two Vastley Diffrent Meanings, Papers

Innovation and Sustainable Development Income and Benefits

Question: Discuss about theInnovation and Sustainable Development for Income and Benefits. Answer: Introduction A plan of action is an unmistakable, succinct method that helps in envisioning regarding procedures of business. The group of administrations often strives having the appropriate capacity in depicting the action plan through a couple sentences. Majority of the organizations provides endeavor to offer some incentive to clients. More grounded this strategic offer, especially contrasted when along with that of the more probable contenders is that vast quantities of clients will buy from the organization. The action plan is a method that helps interpreting of the strategic offer into potential for development of fast income and benefits. The plan of action portrays the strategies the organization will use to create income. This could offer items or administrations, charging membership expenses, offering administration contracts on items - any way to make income openings. The model likewise demonstrates the elements about the operation of the business that will empower it to be gainful (B aden-Fuller, 2013). The organization may have higher edges over contenders in view of its lower cost wellsprings of supply. A business that advantages from informal suggestions from current clients to planned clients can be more productive because this sort of promoting is extensively more affordable than different means, for example, publicizing. According to Baden-Fuller (2013), the trading of messages between IT frameworks happens on the premise of business occasions. Hence, the trading of messages is an action of a subordinate business handle. Business framework in business phrasing usually refers to the esteem chain included, which depicts the esteem-included process, which means product supply and enterprises. A business can help in traversing from one or a few business frameworks. Every single unit of business framework, by itself, creates financial excellence. Along these lines, the business managerial importance of framework of business does not contrast particularly from utilization of the framework of business team. We likewise allude to the "results" of a business framework as 'usefulness'. A business framework, which will be displayed, can traverse a whole association. For the displaying and examination of framework of a business, it is vital to characterize limits of framework (Bohnsack, 2014). It has been discus s for the current situation regarding an association display. It is likewise conceivable for considering and displaying just a chose some portion of an association. In this situation think about, and IT framework coordinated needs to be incorporated into the operation of Passenger Services. Thusly, it is adequate in watching these operations and limiting the framework of business to Passenger Services. Boons (2013) stated that traveler Services being a division of Airport in UML, consisting of representatives, authoritative structure and a massive IT framework. The encompassing divisions, for example, stuff providing food and transportation likewise have a place with the Airport of UML, however not to our framework of business. In this way, we will treat them like other, outside, business frameworks. Circumstances and end results: For instance, Pareto examination which takes a gander at what 20% of the exercises cause 80% of the issues and uses the investigation to concentrate on the most noteworthy advantage/affect issues and arrangements (Casadesus?Masanell, 2013). It is usually frequently utilized when one has numerous issues all going after consideration. Affectability investigation is utilized to distinguish the level of vulnerability or blunder in evaluating the suggestions and additionally conclusions. Hazard investigation is utilized to distinguish and survey the elements that may imperil the accomplishment of a proposed arrangement or venture. Conceptualizing - referred to today as utilizing an innovative critical thinking strategy; connecting with conceptualizing with formalizing and structure, (for example, agendas, constrained relationship investigation including organizing relationship sets). Both hazard examination and affectability investigation can help you first distinguish the issues or potentially shortcomings in the venture or arrangement and after that help you concentrate on diminishing the hazard or affectability. DMAIC (Six Sigma: characterize, measure, break down, enhance and control): this is a procedure change apparatus that helps you first discover the reason for the issue and after that sets up a technique for development). While produced for quality change purposes, it can be utilized, regularly in an adjusted frame, for most critical thinking exercises (Chesbrough, 2013). On the off chance that organized legitimately, business connections can give an approach to use the one of a kind abilities and aptitude of every association and may likewise "bolt out" contenders. According to Kodama (2009), the concept of business architecture optimizes boundaries of a corporation that targets the business models and system of corporate design involving the stakeholders. For optimization of boundaries of a corporate sector, environment should be congruence by the corporate world. Connections that are hoisted to an association level are expensive as far as the time and exertion required accomplishing arrangement. A firm cannot and ought not to collaborate with each provider or client. It is critical to guarantee that rare assets are devoted just to those connections that will really profit by an association. By what method can directors decide, ahead of time, if a relationship would, one say one is that will bring about upper hand, and is deserving of the time and a ssets expected form completely into an organization. Further, all associations are not the same. How does administration know what sort of association would give the best result? These inquiries might be replied by utilizing The Partnership Model. Cohen (2013) stated that drivers are the convincing purposes behind two firms to accomplice, the normal advantages from extending a relationship, and they can be condensed in four classes: resource/cost efficiencies, client benefit changes, advertising favorable position and benefit development/steadiness. The more grounded the drivers, the more possibility of a fruitful association. Facilitators are the ecological components, which improve the probability of organization achievement. As per Veit (2014), these natural components exist in all business connections and cannot change for the time being. Facilitators measure how well the potential accomplices work and include: 1) the similarity of the corporate societies; 2) the similarity of the administration rationality and strategies; 3) the viewpoint of commonality between the potential accomplices; and 4) the level of symmetry between the organizations. Furthermore, there are five facilitators that when present will reinforce a rela tionship however can't be normal including: 1) the organizations share a contender; 2) the organizations are in close physical nearness; 3) the potential for eliteness in the relationship; 4) earlier relationship experience; and, 5) the organizations share a typical end client? Organization segments are the administrative controllable components of an association. It is through the usage of these segments that the capability of the organization can be accomplished. Organization segments include: 1) the style, level and substance of arranging; 2) measurements and joint working controls; 3) the degree and kind of correspondence between the organizations; 4) how hazard and rewards are shared; 5) the level of trust and responsibility; 6) the sort of agreement utilized as a part of the relationship; 7) the extent of exercises between the organizations; and, 8) the level of joint venture. The results mirror the execution of the organization and the capacity of the company has to accomplish their expressed drivers. The results can be seen regarding three essential classifications: 1) worldwide execution results identified with the upgrade or leveling of benefits; 2) prepare results, for example, enhanced administration or diminished expenses; and, 3) upper hand results, for example, situating in the market, piece of the overall industry or learning. Business demonstrate advancement is a brilliant thing. At its most straightforward, it requests neither new advancements nor the making of shiny new markets: It is about conveyance of existing items that are constructed by innovative frameworks created for the existing markets. The test helps in characterizing what is the true involvement of action plan development. Without a structure for recognizing openings, it is difficult to be methodical about the procedure, which clarifies why it is for the majority on a specially appointed premise. Accordingly, many organizations combine for a great opportunity for reasonable approaches in enhancement of their benefit and efficiency. In the accompanying pages, we display a system to help supervisors take plan of action advancement to the level of a solid and improvable teach. As per Zot and Amit (2010), concept of congruence of the boundary forms an optimal architecture that is usually concerned with the change in the environment. Drawing on the possibility that any plan of action is an arrangement of key choices that largely decide how a business wins its income, acquires its expenses, and deals with its dangers, we see advancements to the model as changes to those choices: what your offerings will be, when choices are made, who makes them, and why. Effective changes along these measurements enhance the organization's mix of income, expenses, and dangers. The way to Amazon's initial flourishing was its drop-shipping model, which permitted it to offer more than a million books while stocking just 2,000 or so of the most famous titles. For the rest, Amazon sent requests to book wholesalers or distributers, who then frequently dispatched the items specifically to clients utilizing Amazon bundling (Wirtz, 2016). In this creative model, Amazon's system of wholesalers and distributers autonomously dealt with their inventories. They, not Amazon, bore the danger of conveying books without knowing the reasonable interest for them. However, since the hazard was generally circulated, all could deal with their own bits of it without breaking a sweat. Moving the choice hazard to the gathering best ready to endure it is regularly an appealing methodology when no leader plainly has predominant data. In its initial years, Amazon was too little and in addition, money compelled to stock each book in its index, while greater wholesalers were very much s ituated to match supply with request from Amazon and a huge number of other little retailers. In any case, for this methodology to work, the substitution chief's motivating forces must be adjusted to yours. Amazon's model would have fizzled if the distributers had been roused to poach its clients. References Baden-Fuller, C., Mangematin, V. (2013). Business models: A challenging agenda.Strategic Organization,11(4), 418-427. Bocken, N. M., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C., van der Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy.Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering,33(5), 308-320. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), 284-300. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45(3), 9-19. Casadesus?Masanell, R., Zhu, F. (2013). Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), 464-482. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Cohen, B., Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy.Organization Environment,27(3), 279-296. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K. A. R. O. L. I. N., Csik, M. I. C. H. A. E. L. A. (2014).Business Model Navigator. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Huang, H. C., Lai, M. C., Lin, L. H., Chen, C. T. (2013). Overcoming organizational inertia to strengthen business model innovation: An open innovation perspective.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(6), 977-1002. Kaspina, R. G., Khapugina, L. S., Zakirov, E. A. (2014). Interrelation of Company's Business Model Structure and Information Disclosed in Management Reporting.Life Science Journal,11(12), 778-780. Kastalli, I. V., Van Looy, B. (2013). Servitization: Disentangling the impact of service business model innovation on manufacturing firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,31(4), 169-180. Kodama, M. (2009).Boundary management: developing business architectures for innovation. Springer Science Business Media. Lohmann, G., Koo, T. T. (2013). The airline business model spectrum.Journal of Air Transport Management,31, 7-9. Veit, D., Clemons, E., Benlian, A., Buxmann, P., Hess, T., Kundisch, D., ... Spann, M. (2014). Business models.Business Information Systems Engineering,6(1), 45-53. Wirtz, B. W., Pistoia, A., Ullrich, S., Gttel, V. (2016). Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives.Long Range Planning,49(1), 36-54. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), 1019-1042.

Ego, faith and Yuri Lubimov Essay Example For Students

Ego, faith and Yuri Lubimov Essay Some 10 years or so ago, a friend, returning from Russia to England where I live, told me he had seen a great production of The Three Sisters directed by Yuri Lubimov at the Taganka Theatre in Moscow. The action was split among three platforms, and sometimes the actors spoke simultaneously on all three. At the end of the play, the side wall of the stage rose to reveal, outside, Moscow lit up at night, the dream city the sisters long for but will never get to. I thought that such tampering with Chekhov could only be done by a director with such an ego it couldnt possibly be transcended by the production. Shortly after, Lubimov came to London to mount his own adaptation of Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment. In a newspaper interview, he said he was finding it difficult to direct outside his own group of actors at the Taganka, not only because he couldnt speak English and the English actors couldnt understand Russian, but because he knew nothing about the beliefs of the actorsfor instance, were they, actors in a profoundly Christian play, themselves practicing Christians? That he should require his actors to be in their lives what they played on the stage struck me as dangerously manipulative. But, finally, curiosity about how Lubimov realized his religious beliefs on the stage compelled me to go. And the production roused in me, a non-believer, something that I cannot imagine any contemporaneous religious rite rousinga sense of overwhelming compassion for the suffering world. This was 1983. The year before, Lubimovs production of Pushkins verse drama Boris Godunov had been banned in Moscow as subversive. In London, he announced he would not return to the U.S.S.R., and a year later his Soviet citizenship was lifted, in retaliation, by the Communist authorities. He went on working in the West. In London, he directed his own adaptation of Dostoevskys The Possessed. The production seemed hysterical, and I found myself resisting, until, tears suddenly welling into my eyes, I couldnt but give in. In 1985, when I went to Moscow, the great theatre historian Constantine Rudnitsky told me all Russian theatregoers were grieving the absence of Lubimovas great a director, he believed, as Meyerhold or Stanislavsky. The Taganka was not worth going to. But Lubimovs supporters kept his office there just as he had left it, his jacket still over his chair, waiting for his return, as impossible as it seemed. It had to be admitted: He was a very difficult man. In 1987, when I returned to Moscow, friends asked if I had any news of Lubimov. He had, I said, been invited by Covent Garden to direct Wagners The Ring, but his production of the first of the operas, Das Rheingold, had been so badly received by the critics, hed left. He lived in Israel now. The possibility of his returning to Moscow seemed more remote than ever, as he had signed a letter which denounced Gorbachevs reforms as mere window-dressing. I was told, sadly, that his jacket was still hanging on the back of his office chair at the Taganka. One day in Moscow I met Lubimovs ex-assistant, who told me enthusiastically that Lubimovs Boris Godunov was going to be revived at the Taganka in defiance of the official ban. She got me a ticket. In the Metro station nearest the theatre I was accosted by ticket-seekers, and felt guilty about not simply giving mine to a Russian. The night was cold with deep snow, and there was a dark, intense crowd pressing in on the modern brick theatre. The bare auditorium was packed in a way that fire regulations would never allow in the Westpeople sitting on aisle steps, on a ledge along a wall so high I saw them hiking one another up to get up to it. Squabbles erupted over seating. The empty stage appeared vast in the darkness. .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .postImageUrl , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:hover , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:visited , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:active { border:0!important; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:active , .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua747699ead117bfc6b39e79ed00b60ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Examine the role of the Inspector Goole EssayPushkins play, notoriously difficult to perform, seemed to occur in that darkness. In the back wall were rows of windows at which the actors appeared and disappeared, opening and slamming shutters. There were few props, the most used being an old bucket an actor from time to time held up to his mouth to give a haunting echo to his voice. Boris died and was borne in procession on a plank. It was not an opera, but I, hardly understanding, listened to the voices as if they were music. The most telling image was that of little barefoot boys in white smocks whose innocence in the midst of darkness called out for help beyond our helpl essness. Wasnt the official image of Soviet Russia that of men and women who were in no way helplessmen and women who, with hammers and sickles, worked to create their new world, with the confidence of believing there was no power greater than their power? No wonder that this production, in which people were utterly helpless, had been banned. But the ban was lifted on the play, and a year later Lubimov was back in Moscow, presumably wearing the jacket he had left on the chair. He reconstructed his production of Boris Godunov, then, in 1989, put on Mozhayevs Still Alive, which had been banned since 1969 and was for Lubimov a statement of his freedom to put on plays of his choice. And with such freedom as he now has, I am told by friends in Moscow that his theatre has lost its impact. It did have its impact, however, and no doubt his ego was a necessary component of that force. Ironically, though, the greatest impact Lubimov was capable of came from his ability to transcend his ego in directing plays as an expression of his religious faith. That an artist should bring his religious faith to bear on a work of art in such a powerful way is a revelation; it is, I think, the stuff of revolution. This is dangerousvery dangerousand could utterly destroy the work by imposing upon it, as was imposed on all of Russia, a doctrine of belief. But the productions I saw could not have risen to the heights they did without Lubimov risking the danger. No one has demonstrated to me more clearly the difference between mere commercial entertainment and spiritual enlightenment in the world of the arts, and made me more aware of our need, in our darkness, for such enlightenment.

Research Paper on Spanish-American War Essay Example

Research Paper on Spanish-American War Essay Spanish-American War Research Paper By the second half of the 19th century the United States declared its sovereignty and became the independent state. The United States were constituted on a strong ideological basis. The prevailing national idea was the aspiration to freedom and the new democratic values. The people of the United States realized their mission to spread the ideals of freedom beyond the boundaries. In 1840’s the leaders and politicians introduced the new term, Manifest Destiny (Manifest Destiny). This term explained and approved the expansion of the American ideals of freedom to the West. The country developed rapidly and there was real need to expand its territory. There were some reasons for such expansion. First of all the land was the indication of wealth for the colonists. There was a high growth of population in the country. The country passed two depressions, in 1818 and 1839. The frontier lands were cheap or even free. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Spanish-American War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The 19th century was the century of reshaping the political map of the world. Spain which used to the superpower was loosing its world domination. By the second half of the 19th century Spain had its possessions only in the Pacific, Africa, and the West Indies. Much of the empire had gained its independence and the areas remaining under the Spanish influence were about to demand their independence. Now and then there were revolts in Cuba and the Philippines and the Spanish government had neither financial resources nor appropriate manpower to coup with the numerous revolts against the Spanish rule. The Spanish government found the best solution to build the concentration camps in Cuba for rebels. Faced with defeat, and a lack of money and resources to continue fighting Spanish occupation, Cuban revolutionary and future president Tomas Estrada Palma secured $150 million dollars from a U.S. banker to purchase Cuba’s independence, but Spain refused. He then deftly negotiated and propagandized his cause in the U.S. Congress, eventually securing the bill for U.S. intervention (Wikipedia). On February 15, 1898, the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor suffered an explosion and quickly sank with a loss of 266 men. There was no any distinct proved evidence as for the cause of explosion, but the American press declared it was the act of sabotage of the Spaniards. There were suspicions that there was really an act of sabotage but committed by the Cuban revolutionists to involve the United States into the war with the Spaniards in order to liberate Cuba. So, the formal reason for the war between the United States and Spain was doubtful and unclear. The economic background of the US – Spanish war was expressed by Senator John M. Thurston of Nebraska: â€Å"War with Spain would increase the business and earnings of every American railroad, it would increase the output of every American factory, it would stimulate every branch of industry and domestic commerce.†(Wikipedia). U.S. President William McKinley was not a supporter of the war with Spain, but the explosion of Maine and public opinion created by the press forced him to agree with the decision of starting the war. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 21st (Congress later passed a resolution backdating the declaration of war to April 20th). Thus, the formal reason of the war was suspicions of the Spanish sabotage of the US military vessel. The real reason of the war had an economic background. The official aim of the United States was to liberate Cuba from the Spanish domination. These 3 factors constituted the background of the Spanish war. The US – Spanish war was full of controversies. Though the formal cause of the war was the liberation of Cuba from the Spanish rule, the real reason was the expansionism policy of the United States in the Caribbean. The history of the US – Puerto – Rican relations during the war and after it is the vivid example of the controversial position of the United States in the US – Spanish war. Located at the north east of the Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico was a key to the Spanish Empire since the early years of conquest and colonization of the New World (Marisabel Bras). Of all Spanish colonial possessions in the Americas, Puerto Rico is the only territory that never gained its independence. Internal and geopolitical dynamics during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nevertheless, brought dramatic political, social, and economic changes to the island, setting the stage for the development of its national institutions and the transformation of its political system as a United States territory during the twentieth century. During the early 1860s, local Spanish authorities, alarmed by conspiracies from separatist groups, applied severe measures against all acts of dissidence on the island. Freedom of the press was non-existent, and group discussions were monitored by the government. The island was ruled by â€Å"leyes especiales†; extraordinary decrees dictated by the Captain Generals, or governors, appointed by Spain. The establishment of liberal government in Spain between 1869 and 1873 led to granting certain rights to Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico even got its representation to the Spanish Cortes and self governance from Spain. This period of the short-lived self-government experiment came to an abrupt end one month later with the advent of the Spanish-American War. â€Å"Liberating† Caribbean from the Spanish rule the United States realized the significance of its domination over Puerto – Rico. The island’s value to US policy makers was as an outlet for excess manufactured goods, as well as a key naval station in the Caribbean. The Treaty of Paris gave the United States full control over all former Spanish military installations as well as some 120,000 acres of land formerly owned by the Spanish Crown on the island. The main military posts were located in the capital city of San Juan along with military bases in the towns of Cayey, Aibonito, Ponce, Mayaguez, Aguadilla and the adjacent island of Vieques. Puerto Rico remained under direct control of US military forces until the US Congress ratified the Foraker Law on April 12th, 1900, bringing a civilian government to the island (Marisabel Bras). The US occupation of Costa Rica followed by the long term its annexation is one of the main controversies of the US – Spain war, a controversy between the formal cause, liberating Cuba and the real dominative objective in the Caribbean. At 2.34 am GMT and 5.34 am Baghdad Time on 20th March 2003 (9.34 pm EST on 19th March 2003), the armed forces of the United States of America (â€Å"the USA†) and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (â€Å"the UK†) commenced warlike operations against the Republic of Iraq (â€Å"Iraq†) with air and missile strikes against â€Å"targets of opportunity† in Baghdad. Those strikes were eventually followed up by a ground invasion of Iraq, the overthrow of the Iraqi government and the occupation of Iraq (Legality of the Iraq war). The war in Iraq was a part of anti-terrorist operation commenced by the United States after the cruelest terror act ever committed in the history of mankind which got its name â€Å"9/11†. The terrorism became the plague of the present. Though the advocates of the theory of state by Hobbes consider the war to be the natural state of a man, i.e. a state of war is typical for a human being, a war should at least be accompanied by a certain procedures to make it legal if â€Å"legality of war† is applicable in general terms. First of all if we compare both war conflicts in the history of the United States we understand one similar feature. There are economic reasons in the essence of both conflicts. In the case of the Spanish war it was cited by the words of Senator John M. Thurston of Nebraska above. In order to understand the reasons and backgrounds of both wars it is necessary to realize the global political situation preceding both wars. The second half of the 20th century was marked by the Cold War, a strong confrontation of two superpowers, USSR and the United States. That confrontation sometimes approached the military conflict in its development. The thesis â€Å"what is bad for my opponent is good for me† was used throughout this confrontation by both opposing sides. The post-World War II history of relations of the United States and the USSR was the history of the superpowers confrontation. Several times world was under the threat of the global nuclear catastrophe. When the USSR started its aggression in Afghanistan the United States supported the Anti – Soviet regime in Afghanistan. After the collapse of the USSR the usual permanent threat for the United States from the â€Å"Empire of Evil† disappeared but there were a number of groups and regimes provided with the modern arms and technologies by the superpowers. These regimes and groups created their activity on the basis of terrorism, neglecting the norms of the international laws and headed by the irresponsible arms race. Afghan, Iraq and other regimes were among them. The 9/11 became a milestone in the history of global security. It created the distinct borderline between two epochs, an era of military support of â€Å"enemies of my opponent† and the era of realizing that the terrorism regime does care who his enemy is, the most important is the presence of such enemy or if he is absent he should be nominated. The international community got the new global threat but it was not ready to coup with it from the military, political and legal points of view. The formal reasons of both wars where unclear and unjustified. There was neither proved evidences of attack of Maine by the Spaniards no possession of the mass destruction weapon by Saddam Hussein. Spanish war spread beyond Cuba involving a number of countries into it. One of them was Puerto Rico. During May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army’s Bureau of Military Intelligence. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government prior to the invasion. On May 10, 1898, U.S. Navy ships were sighted off the coast of Puerto Rico. Spanish gunners stationed at Fort San Cristobal fired the first shot (a 15-cm breech loaded Ordonez rifle round), missing the USS Yale, an auxiliary ship under the command of Capt. William Clinton Wise. Two days later on May 12, a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson bombarded San Juan, Puerto Rico. During the bombardment, many buildings were shelled, terrifying the population of San Juan. On June 25, the Yosemite blocked San Juan harbor. On July 18, General Nelson A. Miles, commander of the invading forces, received orders to sail for Puerto Rico to land his troops. On July 21, a convoy of 3,300 soldiers and nine transports escorted by the USS Massachusetts sailed for Puerto Rico from Guantanamo, Cuba. On July 25, U.S. troops landed at Guanica, Puerto Rico and took over the island with little resistance (Wikipedia). The result of the Spanish war was the United States gained all former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Cuba was granted formal independence but this independence was formal and there were a lot of restrictions imposed by the United States. The results of the Spanish war proved the economic basis of the war. The Spanish – American war opened the expansionism policy of the United States. It created very dangerous precedent the consequences of which present nowadays. It showed that the territorial expansion may be done by the war means, the economic goals could be gained by the military conflicts. â€Å"Congress had passed a resolution in favor of Cuban independence before the war started. When the war ended, Congress debated reneging on this promise, but eventually agreed to Cuban independence. However, the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill, forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which severely curtailed its freedom of action in foreign affairs and allowed the United States considerable freedom to intervene in Cuban affairs. It also provided for the establishment of a permanent American naval base in Cuba, which would lead to the establishment of the base still in use today at Guantanamo Bay. The Cuban peace treaty of 1903 would govern Cuban-American relations until 1934.† (Wikipedia) The United States annexed the former Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. Thus the United States became the imperial power with the foreign colonies. It contradicted to the very essence of the United States and its declarations on the independence and democracy. This caused strong opposition inside the country on one hand but it also gained the support of a part of a population heated by the slogans on the pride and the self esteem of a nation. One more very important effect of the American – Spanish war was that it united the nation, the South and the North of the United States. The common enemy made both parties, which had been involved into the Civil War, forget their antagonisms. The annexation of Puerto Rico has been going on up to now. The liberation of Cuba being the major reason of the Spanish war led to the annexation of Puerto Rico and this could not meet an approval of Puerto Rico people. Ramon Emeterio Betances wrote â€Å"I do not want us to be a colony, neither a colony of Spain nor a colony of the United States.† (Wikipedia). On the other hand the Puerto Ricans being the residents of the United States Commonwealth voted to reject the complete independence, but still they are exempt from Federal income tax and other provisions of Federal regulation. One of the lessons of the Spanish war for the United States was the United States at the end of the nineteenth century recognized that its military forces had faced serious organizational, logistical, and medical challenges in that conflict. The war clearly pointed to a need for military reform in the United States, and in its aftermath Congress enacted some critical reform legislation (Hendricks, Charles). Similar lesson was obtained during the Iraq war or the anti-terrorist operation in Iraq. The events of 9/11 made all countries, and the United States in first turn realize a new global threat, a threat of terrorism. The United States of America happened to be unprepared to this new threat. The 9/11 attacks showed that the police methods of preventing the threat of terrorism were insufficient. The terrorists have necessary finance, contacts, and combatants to commit actions which according to their tragic consequence may be compared with those of the military war or operations. The response to those cruel attacks against civilians should have been done by all means. The only question arises on the adequacy of these responses. On the other hand, after finishing the Cold War the problem of proliferation the weapon of mass destruction became of the high importance for the former opponents, the United States and the ex-USSR. Both parties are not interested in the mass destruction weapon proliferation. The main reason of such change is the change of political priorities and inability to control the regimes which would have an access to nuclear or any other mass destructive weapon. On the other hand the attacks 9/11 indicated that the threat does exist and there is no guarantee that the world is safe if terrorists would have the mass destruction weapon. On the other hand, terrorists are not associated with any country directly and the problems of national security which deterred the arms race and the use of weapon do not exist for the terrorists. The terroristsâ €™ organizations may get the nuclear weapon and support from the existing regimes. That means that adequate measures should be taken against the regimes which support terrorists. The next very important question is the legitimacy of such actions from the point of view of the international law. The next question which is no less important than the previous one is if terrorists associated with some particular country, i.e. with its rulers, how legal are the military actions against the entire country. All these questions are similar to those which were on the eve of the American – Spanish War. In the first case there was an attack on Maine, and then the military actions as a response and America annexed some territories, namely Costa Rica as a result. The Iraq war may be considered as the repetition of the historic scenario occurred long ago which led to the war with Spain. The Iraq war is the first war in the history of mankind objected to mass destruction weapon deterrence. The logic of this war is rather controversial. If we link Iraq to 9/11 attacks, as it was done by the Bush Administration, then there is no logic in the war at all. If Hussein had something common with Al-Qaeda and possessed the Weapon of mass destruction, the question is why he did not use his weapon or provide Al-Qaeda with his weapon to commit attacks on the United States. Hussein could not under evaluate the response of the United States no matter what kind of weapon was used. The mass destruction weapon and terrorist attack would cause the similar reaction of the United States. Another question is no less important and maybe even more is the question of the Iraq war legality. The United States assumed the possibility of the preventive wars. If the preventive wars are considered to be legal then what is the legality of such wars. What criteria should define when the war is the only one possible action aimed to prevent the proliferation of the mass destruction weapon? Three types of legislation are involved into the issue of Iraq war and these legislations at least have to answer the question on conformity of the war commencement to the laws. The United States made its best to involve its allies to Iraq war to make it some kind of lawful. The Great Britain entered the war in alliance with the United States. According to the UK legislation, the UK constitutional settlement, a decision to declare war or to commit the armed forces of the Crown to warlike operations is a matter of the Royal will (â€Å"the Royal Prerogative†). In the case of the Iraq, Parliament was asked to authorize the invasion of Iraq by resolution, and the Public Administration Committee of the House of Commons is now looking at ways to develop a new mechanism by which certain categories of Prerogative powers, such as that of going to war may, only be exercised with the consent of Parliament (Legality of the Iraq War). Though the United States acquired the support and assistance of its allies, one of them, the Great Britain acted contradicting its national legislation while joining the United States in Iraq campaign, i.e. illegally. The leaders of the two belligerent powers, the United States of America and the United Kingdom put forward rather different justifications for the invasion of Iraq before the invasion and, since the invasion, as pretexts advanced at the time have proved unjustified, they have shifted their ground. The Bush pretexts for the invasion of Iraq were: that Saddam Hussein’s regime had links to the Al Quai’da terrorists who were responsible for the 11th September 2001 twin towers atrocity in New York; that the Saddam Hussein regime possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction which could fall into terrorist hands; The Blair pretext was limited to the second Bush pretext. Blair acknowledged right from the start that there were no substantiated links between Saddam Hussein and Al Quai’da. In fact Blair’s real reason for joining Bush’s war was his personal belief that the United Kingdom must always support the United States of America in any war (Legality of the Iraq War). The position of the United Nations towards the war conflict in Iraq was expressed by Secretary General Koffi Anand. â€Å"The United Nations secretary general, Kofi Annan, declared explicitly for the first time last night that the US-led war on Iraq was illegal. Mr Annan said that the invasion was not sanctioned by the UN Security Council or in accordance with the UN’s founding charter. In an interview with the BBC World Service broadcast last night, he was asked outright if the war was illegal. He replied: â€Å"Yes, if you wish.† He then added unequivocally: â€Å"I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter. From our point of view and from the charter point of view it was illegal.†( Legality of the Iraq War). The results of the invasion to Iraq are known very well. The United States and its allies failed to find any evidence of the weapon of mass destruction. At the same time it is worth noting that the United States is the only Western democracy which did not sign the international treaties banning antipersonnel landmines and prohibiting the use of incendiary weapons such as napalm and white phosphorus in areas, including cities, where civilians are at risk (The Guardian). After the United States and its allies fail to find what they were supposed to, the new motto appeared; the motto â€Å"to liberate people of Iraq from Saddam†. Such reason can cause nothing but confusion. What is the legal basis of removal of the president of the independent country by means of force? It is unlikely that any existing legislation could find any legal provision for doing it. On the other hand the world community needs to acquire some legal basis to coup with the global terrorism. The Iraq war showed both legal and political collisions. On one hand if assumed that Hussein was the initiator of 9/11 attacks then he needs to be prosecuted by some international tribunal but not by the court in Iraq, a country president of which he was. Hussein as any other political leader had his supporters and opponents in Iraq that is why he could not count on the fair court process from the very beginning. The similarity of the Spanish war and that in Iraq though are not so clear, still could be found. The Spanish war was aimed to expand the American influence in Caribbean; the United States joined the â€Å"club† of colonial owners as a result of the war. The Iraq War is the attempt to legalize the theory of the â€Å"preventive war†. This theory is very dangerous because the limit of â€Å"prevention† has not yet been defined. After the Spanish War America gained the control over the territories which originally had not been parts of the United States. After the Iraq War, America and its allies gained the control over one of the major exporters of oil. There is a lot of confusion in America regarding the terms of â€Å"preventive war† and â€Å"preemptive war†. The preemptive war is the use of force against the threat of attack which is imminent. The classical example of the preemptive war was the 6 Day War of Israel against Syria, Jordan and Egypt in 1967. The results of that war were rather successful. In the US – Iraq case there was no any direct threat or it is better to say â€Å"proved threat† to the national security of the United States. The preventive war is considered to be an attack against the emerging regimes which may bring real threat to national or global security if they develop their arms further. The major reason of the Iraq war was the economical one. Iraq is very attractive for the United States because of its oil deposits. The United States had to re-evaluate the significance of the preventive war after the Iraq occupation. The basic question which had to be answered but was not what benefits the war brought for the national security of the United States. The mass destruction weapon as it was stated above was not found. The links of Hussein to Al Qaeda were not proved. The economic benefits of the Iraq are clear from the statement of the U.S. Energy Information Agency: Iraq contains 112 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, the second largest in the world (behind Saudi Arabia) along with roughly 220 billion barrels of probable and possible resources. Iraq’s true resource potential may be far greater than this, however, as the country is relatively unexplored due to years of war and sanctions. Deep oil-bearing formations located mainly in the vast Western Desert region, for instance, could yield large additional oil resources, but have not been explored. (U.S. Energy Information Agency) The access to the huge oil deposits of Iraq is the main cause of the US intervention against Iraq. The war in Iraq is very similar to Spanish War. The backgrounds of both wars are purely economic ambitions of the United States.

Definition and Examples of Hyponyms in English

Definition and Examples of Hyponyms in English In linguistics  and lexicography, hyponym is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class. For instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also called a  subtype  or a  subordinate term. Adjective: hyponymic. Words that are hyponyms of the same broader term (that is, a hypernym) are called co-hyponyms. The semantic relationship between each of the more specific words (such as daisy and rose) and the broader term (flower)  is called hyponymy or inclusion. Hyponymy is not restricted to nouns. The verb to see, for example, has several  hyponyms- glimpse, stare, gaze, ogle, and so on.  Edward Finnegan points out that although hyponymy is found in all languages, the concepts that have words in hyponymic relationships vary from one language to the next (Language: Its Structure and Use, 2008). EtymologyFrom the Greek, below name Examples and Observations Hyponymy is a less familiar term to most people than either synonymy or antonymy, but it refers to a much more important sense relation. It describes what happens when we say An X is a kind of YA daffodil is a kind of flower, or simply, A daffodil is a flower.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)Hyponyms of Red[L]et us consider words that have a similar meaning because they belong to the same segment of a domain. For instance, the words pink, scarlet,  orange, hot pink, and pumpkin . . .  are all more marked, specific terms for colors that derive from the color red. . . . These words share many of the semantic properties of the word red. Because these words form a subclass of the word red, they are referred to as hyponyms of red. Similarly, maple, birch, and pine are hyponyms of tree.Hyponyms are  more specific words that constitute a subclass of a more general word.(Bruce M. Rowe and Diane P. Levine,  A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 4th ed.  Routledge, 2016) A Test for HyponymyHyponymy involves specific instantiations of a more general concept such as holds between horse and animal or vermillion and red or buy and get. In each case, one word provides a more specific type of concept than is displayed by the other. The more specific word is called a hyponym and the more general word is the superordinate which may also be referred to as a hyperonym or hypernym . . .. Where the words being classified according to this relation are nouns, one can test for hyponymy by replacing X and Y in the frame X is a kind of Y and seeing if the result makes sense. So we have (A) horse is a kind of animal but not (An) animal is a kind of horse and so on.(Ronnie Cann, Sense Relations. Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language and Meaning, Vol. 1, ed. by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner. Walter de Gruyter, 2011)InclusionIn general, there are a number of hyponyms for each superordinate. For example, boar and piglet are a lso hyponyms of the superordinate pig, since the meaning of each of the three words sow, boar, and piglet contains the meaning of the word pig. (Note that in defining a word like sow, boar, or piglet, the superordinate word pig is often used as part of the definition: A sow is an adult female pig.) Thus, it is not surprising that hyponymy is sometimes referred to as inclusion. The superordinate is the included word and the hyponym is the including one.(Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, Linguistics for Non-Linguists. Allyn and Bacon, 1994) Hierarchical Relationships and Multiple LayersHouse is a hyponym of the superordinate building, but building is in turn, a hyponym of the superordinate structure, and, in its turn, structure is a hyponym of the superordinate thing. A superordinate at a given level can itself be a hyponym at a higher level.(Patrick Griffiths, An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh University Press, 2006)​Hyponyms and hypernyms have multiple layers, as in the following examples, where fry is a hyponym of the hypernym cook, but fry itself is a hypernym for some other types of frying:Hypernym: cookHyponyms: bake, boil,  grill, fry, steam, roastHypernym:  fryHyponyms:  stir-fry, pan-fry,  sautà ©, deep-fry(Michael Israel, Semantics: How Language Makes Sense. How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by  Carol Genetti. Cambridge University Press, 2014)  .   Pronunciation: HI-po-nim